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Menopause Symptoms:

Jeri A.
The use of an isoflavone supplement to relieve hot flushes.
The Female Patient 2002; 27: 35-37.

van de Weijer P and Barentsen R.
Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo.
Maturitas 2002; 42 (3): 187.

Nachtigall LB, Nachtigall MJ, and Nachtigall LE.
Nonprescription alternatives to hormone replacement therapy.
The Female Patient 1999; 24 (June): 45-50.

Baber R, Templeman C, Moreton T, Kelly G, and West L.
Randomized placebo-controlled trial of an isoflavone supplement and menopausal symptoms in women.
Climacteric 1999; 2: 85-92.

Knight D, Howes J, and Eden J.
The effect of Promensil, an isoflavone extract, on menopausal symptoms.
Climacteric 1999; 2: 79-84.

Tice JA, Ettinger B, Ensrud K, Wallace R, Blackwell T, Cummings SR.
Phytoestrogen Supplements for the Treatment of Hot Flashes: The Isoflavone Clover Extract (ICE) Study.
JAMA 2003; 290 (2): 207-214.

Hidalgo LA, Chedraui PA, Morocho N, Ross S, san Miguel G
The effect of red clover isoflavones on menopausal symptoms, lipids and vaginal cytology in menopausal women: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Gynecol Endocrinol 2005; 21(5):257-64.

Thompson Coon J, Pittler MH, Ernst E
Trifolium Pratense isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Phytomedicine 2007; 14:153-9.



Bone

Atkinson C, Compston JE, Day NE, Dowsett M, Bingham SA.
The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Amer J Clin Nutr 2004; 79 (2): 326-33.

Muir MM, Siva, D, Dai D, Mason RS.
The effect of isoflavones on human osteoblast proliferation, activity and life span in vitro.
Presented at the Australasian Menopause Society Conference, 2002, Sydney.



Cardiovascular:

Jeri A.
Effects of isoflavone phytoestrogens on lipid profile in postmenopausal Peruvian women.
Presented at 10th World Congress on the Menopause, 2002, Berlin, Germany.

Nestel PJ, Pomeroy S, Kay S, Komesaroff P, Behrsing J, Cameron JD, and West L.
Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (3): 895-8.

Knudson Schult TM, Ensrud KE, Blackwell T, Ettinger B, Wallace R, Tice JA.
Effect of isoflavones on lipids and bone turnover markers in menopausal women.
Maturitas 2004; 48(3):209-18.



Vaginal Atrophy:

Woods R, Colville N, Blazquez J, Cooper A, Whitehead MI.
Effects of red clover isoflavones (Promensil) versus placebo on uterine endometrium, vaginal maturation index and the uterine artery in healthy postmenopausal women.
Presented at the British Menopause Society Meeting, 2003, UK.



Safety:

Atkinson C, Warren RML, Sala E, Dowsett M, Dunning AM, Healey CS, Runswick S, Day NE, Bingham SA.
Red clover-derived isoflavones and mammographic breast density: a double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Breast Cancer Research 2004; 6: R170-R179.

Hale GE, Hughes CL, Robboy SJ, Agarwal SK, and Bievre M.
A double-blind randomized study on the effects of red clover isoflavones on the endometrium.
Menopause 2001; 8 (5): 338-46.

Campbell MJ, Woodside JV, Honour JW, Morton MS, Leathem AJC.
Effect of red clover-derived isoflavone supplementation on insulin-like growth factor, lipid and antioxidant status in healthy female volunteers: a pilot study.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004; 58, 173-179.

Imhof M, Gocan A, Reithmayr F, Lipovac M, Schimitzek C, Chedraui P, Huber J.
Effects of a red clover extract (MF11RCE) on endometrium and sex hormones in postmenopausal women.
Maturitas In press.

Trevor J Powles, Anthony Howell, D Gareth Evans, Eugene V McCloskey, Sue Ashley, Rosemary Greenhalgh, Jenny Affen, Lesley Ann Flook and Alwynne Tidy.

Red clover isoflavones are safe and well tolerated in women with a family history of breast cancer.
Menopause International 2008; 14: 6-12.



Pharmacokinetics and Quality:

Howes JB and Howes LG.

Content of isoflavone-containing preparations.
Med J Aust 2002; 176 (3): 135-6.

Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Kirschner AS, Cassidy A, and Heubi JE.

Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements.
J Nutr 2001; 131 (4): 1362S-75S.



Clinical Monograph:

The Role of Red Clover Isoflavones in Women's Health, Novogen, 2002.



Reviews

Howes LG, Howes JB, Knight DC

Isoflavone Therapy for menopausal flushes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Maturitas 2006; In press.

Nachtigall LE, Baber RJ, Baretson R, Durand N, Panay N, Pitkin J, van de Weijer PHM, Wysocki S.

Complementary and hormonal therapy for vasomotor symptom relief: A conservative clinical approach.
J of Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006; 28(4): 279-89.

Nick Panay.

Integrating phytoestrogens with prescription medicines: A conservative clinical approach to vasomotor symptom management.
Maturitas 57 2007; 90-94.